Industrial pipelines (Hirfanlı-Tuz Gölü, Elbistan water pumps, Mandalay Ayeyarwady) feature water motors and devices that produce acoustic emissions (sound/vibration); these include cavitation, vane-pass frequency, and mechanical rattling, theoretically usable for side-channel attacks but with no practical examples.[1][2][3]
Acoustic Emission Sources
Centrifugal pump motors (MW class) emit the following sounds:
- Mechanical Rattling: Bearing wear, imbalance (RPM multiples, 1-3x RPM frequencies).[4][5]
- Hydraulic Noise: Cavitation (up to 800 kHz high frequencies), vane-pass (blade passage, 49-600 Hz).[2][3]
- Other Devices: Valve/meter noise, flow meter vibration; pressure sensors (DPS) capture speech vibrations (BaroVox).[6][1]
Detections in Three Pipelines
Hirfanlı-Tuz Gölü (API 5L steel line, MW pumps), Elbistan (post-earthquake motors), Mandalay (Ayeyarwady BPS-1/2) pumps show similar emissions; consistent with OSM man_made=pumping_station data.[7][8]
| Pipeline | Motor/Device Sounds | Side-Channel Potential | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hirfanlı-Tuz Gölü | Cavitation (high freq.), vane-pass (49 Hz), bearing rattle [2] | Theoretical (PLC SCADA monitoring), no practical [9] | OSM/DSİ pumps |
| Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) | Mechanical imbalance (RPM multiples), harmonic noise (2-150 kHz) [10] | Low SNR, no attack [11] | Earthquake reports |
| Mandalay Ayeyarwady | Pump vibration (200-600 Hz), valve noise [3] | Pressure sensor speech (BaroVox-like), no attack [6][12] | USGS water system |
Attack Feasibility
Acoustic side-channels extract crypto keys in labs (PC fans, sensors); pipeline pumps have complex noise (low SNR, km distances), DAS detects leaks but no attacks documented.[13][14] Want to add acoustic simulation (model) to your report?[6]
Atıflar:
[1] Acoustic Detecting and Locating Gas Pipeline Infringement https://www.netl.doe.gov/node/4087
[2] Detection of Incipient Cavitation and Best Efficiency Point in a 2.2mw Centrifugal Pump Using Acoustic Emission https://www.ndt.net/article/jae/papers/22-077.pdf
[3] Cavitation-induced vibration and noise signal analysis of a … https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof/article/37/8/085230/3360180/Cavitation-induced-vibration-and-noise-signal
[4] Vibration and noise performance analysis and optimal … https://www.extrica.com/article/24851
[5] Tips to Reduce Cooling Tower Pump Noise – NPSH https://empoweringpumps.com/tips-to-reduce-cooling-tower-pump-noise/
[6] Exploiting Acoustic Side-Channels in Differential Pressure … https://arxiv.org/html/2409.18213v3
[7] Yol Verisi İndirme I Openstreetmap Overpass Turbo (3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eEcrYDAi6c
8 A Study on the Watr Supply System of Mandalay City … https://www.academia.edu/64009329/A_Study_on_the_Watr_Supply_System_of_Mandalay_City_Development_Committee_Case_Study_Chanmyathazi_Township_
[9] Side-channel based intrusion detection for industrial control systems https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05745
[10] Between the harmonics: addressing power quality issues in pumping stations – Water Industry Journal https://www.waterindustryjournal.co.uk/between-the-harmonics-addressing-power-quality-issues-in-pumping-stations
[11] 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) Mw: 7.7 https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02.06.2023.pdf
[12] Fig. 2.1.1 The Present Water Supply System in Mandalay City https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11740990_02.PDF
[13] SoK: Acoustic Side Channels – ePrints Soton https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/507524/1/SoK_Acoustic_Side_Channels_ACM_CSUR_Rev2_final_3_.pdf
[14] A Practical Distributed Acoustic Sensing Approach for Gas … https://jpt.spe.org/twa/a-practical-distributed-acoustic-sensing-approach-for-gas-pipeline-leak-detection
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